Many thanks for your detailed response, and encouraging observations. To be honest it's a real puzzle to me. Even the apparently simple question 'where was the noise coming from' is not easy to answer. The early noise I got pre-Covid lockdown I thought at first might be coming from the transmission, then after hearing it some more I was pretty certain it was the engine (that was when I suspected pinking). When the 'big bang' happened I was pretty certain it was engine, and the repeated loud banging suggested some spinning heavy metal objects in the engine colliding. So my reaction was to (obviously) back off the throttle and look in the rear view mirror for the cloud of smoke - which wasn't there. I do remember checking the dash including temp when I left the petrol station and all was well, and no warning lights that I recall. When I started it from cold the next morning there was definite extra-loud tappet noise accompanied by a lower-pitch knocking, though of course when you start from cold the engine is always noisier than at operating temp, so again it's not easy for the untrained ear to work out what's going on. When I turn the ignition on now the pre-startup indicators look normal, though I need to double check that carefully (and no I definitely won't be starting it again until it's fixed!).
Like you I've had a number of ancillary things fail over the years and you're absolutely right, they can sound a lot worse than you first fear. Old Bendix pin starter motors coming loose for example. The only engine failure I even had was an Audi - the engine was fine one second, then just stopped as if the ignition had been turned off. No warning, no drama, no noise. The cambelt had broken of course. (Audi fixed it free of charge as it had been serviced correctly).
Your suggestion to use the AA (yes I'm a member) is very helpful - if they'll take it some distance that would save a lot of £.